Sex-based differences in penalty situations and shido types consideringwhen the contest ends in elite judo

Xurxo DOPICO-CALVO1 , Luis SANTOS1,2* , Alex OJEDA-ARAVENA3,4 Rafael KONS5,6 , Farruh AHMEDOV7 , & Jožef ŠIMENKOSex-based differences in penalty situations and shido types considering when the contest ends in elite judo. Rev. Artes Marciales Asiát., 21(2), 270-285 ~ 2026.

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to ascertain whether penalty situations and the types of shido are associated with the sex, regardless of when the contest ends, whether penalty situations and the types of shido are associated with when the contest ends, and whether this association is influenced by sex. Data from 2340 contests (3178 penalties) from the 2018, 2019, and 2021 World Judo Championships were analyzed. Chi-square tests with standardized residuals and Cramer’s V were used to examine associations. Three-way log-linear models were applied to assess interaction effects, multinomial logistic regression models were used to estimate the probability of penalty situations, and multilevel logistic regression models were conducted to analyze shido types while accounting for within-contest clustering. Penalty situations were associated with sex (p < 0.001, V = 0.10) and with contest-ending condition (p < 0.001, V = 0.30). A significant interaction (p = 0.021)
indicated that the association between penalty situations and contest-ending condition differs depending on sex. Contests extending beyond regular time were strongly associated with penalty situations. Male athletes showed higher probabilities of shido plus score contests, whereas female contests were more frequently resolved without penalties. Shido types were also associated with sex (p < 0.001, V = 0.09), although the magnitude of this association was small. Variation in shido types across contest-ending conditions was observed only in female contests (p < 0.001, V = 0.11), while no significant interaction between shido type, contest-ending condition, and sex was found (p = 0.181). Multilevel analyses indicated that contest-ending condition had a more consistent influence on shido type distribution than sex. Overall, penalty situations and shido types are associated with contest-ending conditions in elite judo, with sex-related differences present but generally small in magnitude.

Keywords: Martial arts; combat sports; judo; performance analysis; competition, elite athletes

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